Self-adjoint $n$-by-$n$ matrices have a natural partial ordering,
namely $ A \leq B $ if the matrix $ B - A$ is positive semi-definite.
In 1934 K. Loewner characterized functions that preserve this ordering;
these functions are called $n$-matrix monotone.
The condition depends on the dimension $n$, but if a function
is $n$-matrix monotone for all $n$, then it must extend analytically
to a function that maps the upper half-plane to itself.
I will describe Loewner's results, and then discuss what happens
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